In a way, both these programs are very much the same. They use the same basic forms and the same judge may hear both types of cases. Most importantly, they both share the same goal. Once the judge issues a discharge order, the debtors and their families have a fresh financial start.
There are at least two major differences, especially since Congress changed the laws in 2005. Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 always catered to different types of debtors with different needs, and now those differences are even more pronounced.
Type of Debt
Broadly speaking, people with credit cards, medical bills, payday loans and other unsecured debt should consider Chapter 7. Chapter 13 may be a better choice for those who are behind on car loans, home mortgages and other secured debts.
However, many people fall behind on their secured debt payments, for many reasons, and they do not wish to retain the property. For example, a debtor may be $20,000 behind on a home mortgage. Even with a five-year repayment period, many families would be hard-pressed to make a monthly catch-up payment, especially after factoring in trustee fees and other debt retirement.
So, Chapter 7 may be an option for people who are behind on secured debts and plan to surrender the collateral.
Amount of Time
Some people want to quickly emerge from bankruptcy so they may begin rebuilding their credit scores. In many cases, a Chapter 7 may be discharged in as little as four to six months. This consideration may be very important if you plan on buying something large, such as a car or house, within the next five years. But since every situation is different, make sure you discuss your goals with your attorney.
On the other hand, some people need additional protection from the Bankruptcy Court. A creditor may be garnishing wages for a non-dischargeable debt, such as student loans, certain income taxes or delinquent domestic support obligations. Both chapters stop wage garnishment until the court issues a discharge order or unless the creditor obtains special permission from the judge. In a Chapter 7, the order typically comes within a few months. However, a Chapter 13 will not be discharged for at least three years, and quite possibly longer than that.
Contact John Hargrave and Associates
We have provided comprehensive counsel to individuals in and around Barrington, New Jersey, since 1977. To schedule a free initial consultation, contact our office by e-mail or call us at 856-547-6500.